To what extent do we have an insight into the private man King Henry Essay Example

To what extent do we have an insight into the private man: King Henry Essay We have a very limited view into the private life of Henry due to the fact that in most scenes he is in is a very public one not centred around him. The scenes that do give us a in sight is the reprimand scene with Hal as he rants on as if Hal was not there, III, ii and the scene where Hal saves his life, V, iv the opening scene and I, iii.From the opening scene we gather that King Henry has a guilty conscience. He is weighed down by guilt and worry, because he deposed Richard and caused his murder and upset the natural balance of the world. This worrying has made him ill and sickly, so shaken are we, so wan with care. He proposes to lead a crusade to the Holy Land as it may ease his conscience and improve him in the eyes of God. He is also is a great politician, this proposed crusade would be a easy way of uniting the kingdom as they now would have a common enemy instead of warring with each other. It also appears, I the opening scene, that he thinks that the riotous life of his el dest son will tear the kingdom apart as they will refuse to take him as a king.In I, iii Henry tries to confirm his seat a king by demanding fear and respect from Worcester. This could be because he has a haunch that they are plotting against him, if that is so he is a very astute man and is trying to scare them out of it. He is also a very sceptical man, in not believing that Mortimer fought the rebellious Welsh. He is also very complementary towards Hotspur who he respects greatly. This could be because his eldest son is so riotous and Hotspur is so honourable and worthy which Shakespeare set up to contrast each other.In III, ii is really hurtful towards his son Hal, saying that he wonders whether God is punishing him for usurping the throne and who can he keep such low company he also recites anonymous gossip at his son. This could be an attempt to stop his son running such a riotous life. Also in this seen he shows how good a politician he is by telling his soon why Richard was a poor king and him a good one. He put this down to the fact that Richard was seen in public too often where he was Neer seen but wondered at.In V, iv Henry lets slip his fear that he thought Hal would join the rebels because he didnt love his farther, this reinforces the fact that he is a sceptical and suspicious man. He is only satisfied when Hal saves his life.All in all Henry is not a very likeable man but a cold, suspicious, worried vile politician.

Bonds vs. Bounds

Bonds vs. Bounds Bonds vs. Bounds Bonds vs. Bounds By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a bond and a bound, and the relationships of the verb and adjective forms? Both words have to do with constraints, but the multiple meanings aren’t necessarily related. A bond is something that binds literally, as with chains, or figuratively, as an agreement or a financial obligation and the word is etymologically related to bind as well as band. The last word is from Old Norse and is related to the Scandinavian word bindan, which means â€Å"to bind.† Borrowed into English, that word developed into two terms: band, meaning â€Å"something that binds,† and bande, meaning â€Å"a flat strip.† With the loss of the appendage e, the four-letter word now represents both meanings. The latter sense of band is the origin of the use of the word in â€Å"rubber band† as well as the reference to a musical ensemble (from the military origin of the band, whose members, as soldiers, would wear insignia, originally in the form of strips of cloth, in common) and, by extension, any group that travels together or associates. However, the second syllable of husband, which means â€Å"dweller,† is etymologically unrelated to band. (The first element, as you may have guessed, means â€Å"house.†) Nevertheless, it became associated with bond because although the Old English word bonda means â€Å"householder,† in the feudal era, the connotation was of a serf or a tenant farmer, hence the idea of restraint. A bound is a limit, and the verb form means â€Å"to form the boundary of,† but from the sense of bind, it also means â€Å"fastened† or â€Å"compelled.† The adjective bound means â€Å"confined† (â€Å"I’m bound to my desk for the next eight hours†) or â€Å"obligated† (â€Å"I’m bound to honor my agreement†), as well as â€Å"sure† (â€Å"It’s bound to get better†) or â€Å"determined† (â€Å"She is bound to get her way†). Note, however, that this last sense can seem ambiguous: â€Å"She is bound to get her way† could be construed as referring to certainty, not resolve. The same word seen in such constructions as â€Å"I’m bound for Europe† and in the compound homebound is unrelated; that word comes from a sense of â€Å"to prepare,† another meaning for the word that formed the second part of husband. The bound used, for example, in the sentence â€Å"They watched him bound from group to group† or forming the root of rebound is from a third source, a French word meaning â€Å"leap† or â€Å"echo.† The noun and verb bend, by the way, is related to band and bind, as well as to the German word bund, meaning â€Å"league.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:15 Types of Documents9 Forms of the Past Tense

Benefits of International Students In Canada

Pursuing study in Canada is a big achievement for international students. The education systems offer quality upbringing of their future. There are lots of Canadian universities where monwealth nation accepted degree has been given. The range of education and its variety is noticed in this nation. Degree, diploma, graduate, postgraduate and Ph.D. courses are provided in those educational institutions (canadim ). The quality education system, lower tuition fees and safe and secure institutions are the main attraction of the country. Tourists are attracted by the beauty of the nation but the academic facility that Canada provides to their internal and international students are noteworthy from the academic perspective. The country is leading the information technology from all around the globe also students are eager to join their universities for the development of knowledge and understanding of their future ou es. There are several opportunities that students have got and they grab those chances for their educational development. Quality education is provided by the Canadian universities is high in quality and students getting enough chances to maintain their academic standard by this process. For the successful academic career, high quality education is important and students in those universities have got those opportunities as well (canadim ). As Canada is in the western develop world so their education cost is petitively lesser than the other western counterpart (Gui et al.). There is some education coursed that need the high amount of money but most of the general courses and tuition fees are so affordable that international students can pay this amount of money. There are many universities in Canada like McGill University, University of Waterloo, University of Toronto and the University of British Columbia who has their education reputation in all over the world so defiantly students would go there for their education. Those universities provide the diploma certificate also which are globally recognized (canadim ). Canada mainly features English and French language as this is the major language that has initiated in the country. The assimilation of food and recreation is the major cultural collaboration that country has done for the blending of multi-cultural state (Gribble et al.). Ethnic rituals, study all these processes are mixed at one of time and students are the medium of this assimilation. In the education system in Canada, research opportunities are better than any other countries as there are certain areas like tel munication, agriculture, puter technology, environmental science, medicine where Canada is providing their bets knowledge and for that reason students from those universities have gained enough knowledge about the subject so that they can peruse the research also (Hawthorne and Lesleyanne). There are certain students who have to do some part-time work for their sustenance.   There are some other financial factor needs for the lifestyle so this is the reason; they have to earn money but most of the cases universities are creating the problem for students (Luo et al.). But in Canada, this problem is not validating as universities over there access permission to their students to work at their spare time. Figure 1: International student rate in Canadian Universities Some of the student who is doing their post-graduation and then tries to settle in Canada, for the Canadian government was doing the favor as they can access their permanent residence form with ease (Hawthorne and Lesleyanne). The application form accessed by the Entry immigration selection system and the system evaluates the student capacity and that ensure the certificate and the efficiency of the student. Job opportunities are high in Canada and almost 5000 global collaboration agreement has been initiated in the country. Therefore, international students can access the opportunity as Canada imposed their job opportunities in industry-specific jobs, so more students can involve this process and that impacted over the high employment rate in Canada (Urban et al.).   Canada’s International Education Strategy is the most important strategy that has been initiated by the Canadian government. The government has prioritized the education for the Canadian people and for that reason; all the people over the country follow the same. The perspective is important for the international students who are trying to allow in Canadian universities. Visa issue has been solved in an effective way and in any case, the visa is needed for the education accession, the government allows the case for a prime operation (Houshmand et al.). There are some legal stages that have been maintained by the students and certain decorum the student has to follow, other than it is quite an easy process to get a visa. Canada has four diverse seasons all the seasons are quite fruitful for the students. As the international students from different countries and their ecological balance are different so they can enjoy all these seasons in Canada and can grab the academic opportunities that will evaluate their future upbringing (Gui et al.).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship is the world-class scholarship initiated by the Canadian universities for the international Ph.D. students. The scholarship almost grants $50,000 annually for three years. Concordia University Undergraduate Scholarship is another range scholarship system for the international undergraduate student and the process involves 193 students to pursue the program (Liang and Wenzhuo). Canadian monwealth Scholarship Programme has been funded for the international student to help them in foreign affair section and the programs offer $10,000 to each student who enrolled in this program. Canada’s economy is benefited for the accumulation of more international students in their nation as these students have spent almost $8 billion in Canada and that help in case of enhancement of Canadian economy. Canada also provides the world-class universities and safe and secure residential process for students that also support students to pursue their studies in Canada. Therefore, there are lots of advantages provided by Canada and their government is so supportive students can rely on the nation and this is the best part of the country.   Canadim . "BENEFITS OF STUDYING IN CANADA | INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CANADA."  canadim . N.p., 2017. Web. 1 Dec. 2017. Gribble, Cate, and Norah McRae. "Creating a Climate for Global WIL: Barriers to Participation and Strategies for Enhancing International Students’ Involvement in WIL in Canada and Australia."  Professional Learning in the Work Place for International Students. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 35-55. Gui, Yongxia, Saba Safdar, and John Berry. "Mutual intercultural relations among university students in Canada."  Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad  27 (2016): 17-32. Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. "Labour market ou es for migrant professionals: Canada and Australia pared." (2016). Houshmand, Sara, Lisa B. Spanierman, and Romin W. Tafarodi. "Excluded and avoided: Racial microaggressions targeting Asian international students in Canada."  Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology  20.3 (2014): 377. Liang, Wenzhuo. "Understanding the Role of Weibo in Health-?seeking Process of Chinese International Students in Canada." (2015). Luo, Jiali, and David Jamieson-Drake. "Examining the educational benefits of interacting with international students."  Journal of International Students  3.2 (2013): 85-101. Urban, Ewa L., and Louann Bierlein Palmer. "International students as a resource for internationalization of higher education."  Journal of Studies in International Education  18.4 (2014): 305-324.

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research proposal - Essay Example ng under intoxication (DUI) trips per year at blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or higher which translates into 10% of all trips where at least some alcohol use is present (Dula, Dwyer & LeVerne, 2007). Various laws are in existence to achieve the Healthy People 2010 target for alcohol-related motor vehicle related fatalities to 4.0 per 100,000 persons or fewer. This would translate into a further decrease of 31% in the alcohol-related fatalities. Laws in force include the BAC level, the minimum legal drinking age and the minimum legal driving age. While statistics and data are available for the United States as a whole, no separate data for Houston is available on the extent to which the laws are being adhered to and to what extent violation of laws increases the number of alcohol-related fatalities. Hence the objective for this research would be to ascertain: 1. The age group that is usually involved in the alcohol-related fatalities in Houston. This would give details of the number of law violators both in case of minimum legal drinking age and minimum legal driving age. 3. To determine whether legal action was initiated against the violators in Houston. Initiating legal action can work as a deterrent for future and hence this data would enable corrective actions for the future. According to NHTSA (2006), during 2005, 15,195 people in the U.S. died in alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes, representing 39% of all traffic-related deaths (cited by Dula, Dwyer & LeVerne, 2007). Among the most widely used strategies in reducing alcohol-impaired driving has been the laws to deter such driving along with measures to reduce the sale or public consumption of alcohol (Shults et al., 2001). Community-based interventions and training programs for servers of alcoholic beverages have also been implemented. While majority of the drivers are dissuaded by the potential of a crash, injury or punishment, these disincentives are considered to be too insignificant to

Nike Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nike Research Plan - Essay Example However, the USA population that purchases apparels at Target stores might be too big to be recruited to the research study. Therefore, a sample population that is largely representative of the entire USA population purchasing apparels at Targets will be adopted. Nike suffered a great deal in sales and popularity decline, after the Tiger Woods personal scandal that saw the whole of the golf industry lose in sales and profits. There is no doubt therefore, that a need to improve both the image and financial performance of Nikes golf apparel exist. Thus, the research project has defined the research question as; â€Å"Could Nike’s diminished popularity within the golf community increase by introducing an exclusive line of low-cost apparel to be sold at Targets all over the United States?† The sampling method to be applied in this research study is the cluster sampling technique. Cluster sampling technique is the most appropriate for this research study. This is because; the study seeks to establish the population of customers who purchase apparels at Target stores in the USA, Thus making the group of customers at each Target store an already clustered population. The choice of cluster sampling as the method sampling technique is informed by the fact that the entire population that purchases apparels at Targets is unknown, while its characteristics of are also unclear. Further, the suitability of cluster sampling technique for this study is also informed by the fact that the sample clusters targeted by this study are geographically convenient (Ahmed, 2009). This research study targets to collect data from the population that purchases apparels at Targets, which then means that such clusters are conveniently clustered at the different geographical Target store location s.

The Myth Of Fat Free

The Myth Of Fat Free Food Essay Meat products, junk foods and dairy products often advertise that the product that they are distributing are products that are either â€Å"fat free† or with lesser fat content than the usual item sold to the public. This is a claim that could only be repudiated by thoroughly examining the product as well as knowing the proper way of computing for calories per food serving and calories per fat content mass of the food in question. An example of such computation is outlined below to prove that the computation of calories sourced from fat is erroneous in most packed food containing the â€Å"fat free† or â€Å"lesser fat claim†. Based from the computations   performed above,   it appears that Food Manufacturing Companies   have been getting away with misleading facts concerning their   products. It could never be denied that these companies   have found a way to give â€Å"healthier† food to the health conscious public. The minimal calories associated to the food they manufacture   is indeed,   Ã‚  a   testament to their unwavering   dedication in promoting a healthier lifestyle for their   consumers. However, it should also be pointed out that   it is wrong to knowingly alter the Nutritional facts   stated on the product label to deceive their consumers.   Food Manufacturing Companies should refrain from putting   false information to the product packaging caption with unsubstantiated claims concerning the product’s nutritional values.   Instead, what they should do is to put in a   claim that their product has lesser   fat ,   lesser protein , lesser sodium   or  Ã‚  Ã‚   lesser cholesterol   based calories than most of the projects being sold in the market.   This would be more accurate and factual rather   than making claims   that their   food product is 97%, 98%, 0r 96%   fat free, especially when contains   18, 19 or 22.5% fat per serving. These THE   MYTH OF FAT FREE FOOD manufacturers need to correct   these   misleading statements  Ã‚   concerning their food product   in order to be   credible in the eyes of the public. REFERENCES: Calories in Cooked Corned Beef 97% Fat Free, Extra Lean, California Style.   Retrieved   May 22, 2010, from World wide web: http:// http://caloriecount.about.com/calories-dietz-watson-cooked-corned-beef-i89411 The 98% Fat Free Turkey.   Retrieved May 22, 2010, from World wide web: http://www.fatsecret. com/. /oscar-mayer/98%25 -fat-free-turkey- lunch-meat 97% Fat Free   Hebrew National   Hotdogs and Products.   Retrieved May 22, 2010, from World wide web: http:// www.hebrewnational.com/products/hot-dog-beef-franks.jsp Fitness Truth Behind Fat-Free Labeled Foods   by   Phil Kaplan.  Ã‚   Retrieved May 22, 2010, from World wide web: http:// www.philkaplan.com/thefitnesstruth/fat-free.htm

Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven Essay

Imagine a world without hope, diversity, uniqueness, heroes and role models. Everybody would have the same height, shape, voice, skin color, eye color, hair color, clothes, job, interests and so on. They would most likely live in the same type of home, own the same things, speak the same language and eat the same food. If a person tried to be unique, the society would try to drag that person down to society’s hopeless status. Personally, I couldn’t stand a minute in a world like that. Unfortunately, worlds like these exist. In Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, Alexie writes about a typical Indian reservation in the United States without hope, diversity, uniqueness, heroes and role models. A large majority of the Native American population are hopelessly drinking their lives away with alcohol because they feel no reason and inspiration to live a better life. In this case, the need for role models and heroes becomes greate r because these Native Americans do not see a way to improve their lives. I am happy to say that I am fortunate to be living in a society full of heroes and role models with diversity and uniqueness. Role models and heroes are important to society because they motivate us to strive towards a goal, and inspire us to live better and happier lives. Society moves when it has a goal to strive for. When I was eleven years old, I was just like the Indians on the Indian Reservation. I didn’t have any sort of in...

Analysis Of Desalination Use In South Australia Environmental Sciences Essay

Another method that is used in desalinization is electrodialysis. This method is a batch more expensive because it uses more energy. When salt dissolves in H2O, it splits up into charged ions. The method electrodialysis uses membranes to pin down the ions go forthing purified H2O on the other side. To make this the salt H2O is placed into a container with a negative electrode and positive electrode at either side of the container. The ions are attracted to the electrodes and acquire stuck in the membrane which leaves a supply of desalinated H2O. Distillation ( or vaporization ) is besides a method used for sublimating H2O in desalinization workss. The seawater is heated in one container to do the H2O evaporate, so go forthing the salt behind. The vapor is so condensed in a separate container to organize purified H2O. However it was found that the distillment was limited for H2O supply because of the fuel costs involved in change overing salt H2O to vapour. Modern engineering has developed to more efficient distillment units utilizing solar energy alternatively of fuel. The units have little capacities so hence their public-service corporation is restricted to how much H2O they can condense at a clip. Benefits and Restrictions of Desalination Benefits of a desalinization works: Desalination workss can provide up to 500 million liters of fresh purified H2O a twenty-four hours, which will decidedly work out South Australia ‘s H2O supply deficit They are ever in usage as there is ever sea H2O in the sea, therefore it can be used all twelvemonth unit of ammunition ( every season ) It is an limitless beginning of H2O If the Murray River or any dikes run out of H2O the desalinization works can work as a backup and make full up the dikes once more Restrictions of a desalinization Plant: It costs $ 1.37 billion dollars to pay for a desalinization works, which is an expensive option. If this option is used people ‘s revenue enhancements will travel up in order to pay for this works, where some are sublimating their ain H2O and so hence should n't hold to. Desalination produces concentrated seawater, which is to a great extent concentrated salt H2O that gets pumped back out to see and can impact the marine life in the ocean. ‘Dr Bolton, one of five South Australians who wrote to the province authorities warning it of the dangers of desalinization when so small was known about its long term effects on marine life. ‘[ 1 ] Releases more nursery gas emanations in the ambiance, hence more pollution They require a batch of energy and electricity to run ( as shown in diagram 3 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lenntech.com/desalination/general/desali6.jpg Diagram 3 How desalinization affects us economically and environmentally: Research has shown that desalinization is really expensive in footings of money wise and the sum of energy that is needed ( shown in diagram 3 ) . There are much cheaper options to sublimate South Australia ‘s H2O nevertheless they may non be the best quality of picks. If South Australia gets a desalinization works it will be about $ 3.7 billion dollars to construct it. The province authorities will so hold to raise the revenue enhancement in order to pay back this money that has been spent on something that non everyone will most decidedly usage. This will so hold an consequence on us politically ; it will raise a great argument and a large statement. Desalination has a large consequence on the environment. In order to sublimate salt H2O utilizing the desalinization works procedure you have to stop up with a concentrated salt solution that has to be pumped back out to sea. This will hold a large impact on the marine life as the salt in the ocean will increase the temperature. Not merely will it hold an impact on the marine life it will hold an impact on the wet in the dirt, which will slowly acquire more salty and have an impact on the workss. Desalination besides has an consequence on planetary heating. This is because most methods ( rearward osmosis, distillment ) use unsafe chemicals that are so released into the air, produce waste ( concentrated seawater ) and foul the local environment. To keep the desalinization workss from a cloggy physique up, cleaning agents are used. These are normally chlorine, alkalic solutions and chemical germicides. Chimneies are besides needed in desalinization workss to acquire rid of all the wast e merchandises that are n't needed, these normally creates unsafe chemical clouds. Decision In decision, desalinization could decidedly be a possibility to work out South Australia ‘s H2O deficit. However there are many other different ways to sublimate H2O that would n't impact the environment or be excessively expensive to run and utilize excessively much energy. A better solution would be storm H2O recycling. This is because it will be cheaper to construct a stormwater recycling works than a desalinization works and the H2O will acquire recycled approximately four times, hence intending less H2O demand to be found from other beginnings. All systems have a defect though ; with stormwater recycling and the idea of imbibing H2O that has been flushed down a lavatory can set some people off.

Boeing corporation crisis Essay

Attached is a report of the biggest crisis that the Boeing Corporation has ever faced in its existence. First it will describe the events leading up to the problem before it became a public issue. Then we will discuss in extensive detail exactly what the problem is that Boeing is facing and how they can overcome it. The team of xxx completed the research and the written report of the crisis. Boeing is an international supplier of commercial airline planes, military defense aircraft, and surveillance. Partially due to the September 11th attacks on the United States, the Boeing Corporation will be laying off 30,000 employees from their nationwide facilities. The layoffs will affect cities such as Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and will affect employees from entry level to executive offices. The announcements of these issues have caused Boeing’s stock to fall to a surprising low and production levels to drop dramatically. XXX would like to thank XXX for giving us the opportunity to complete this research assignment. The research helped us learn how to more efficiently utilize the different databases available to us and put it into a format so it can be presented to a public organization or the media. The skills learned in the duration of completing this report will be able to be utilized when presenting to upper management a detailed issue and solutions to a specific problem. Boeing Corporation Crisis Cal State Fullerton Jean Fuller May 28, 2002 Executive Summary Today the Boeing Corporation is facing one of the largest crises in the history of the company. They are in the process of laying off a total of 30,000 employees from their facilities nationwide. The layoffs will take place in cities such as Los Angeles, Seattle, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. Most of the layoffs affect the commercial airline division, but the military defense and aerospace divisions will also be affected. The plan for the reduction in employee size began in July 2001, but the attacks on the United States on September 11th left the company having to lay off more employees. At the present time, Boeing is mainly focusing on reducing the amount of mandatory layoffs. This is going to be hard to accomplish because of the reduced demand for the company’s goods and services. In the future, Boeing’s focus will be on returning to a high level of production and profitability. They will be focusing on competing with the competition by increasing product innovation and reducing expenses that the company incurs during production in an effort to keep prices low. Due to economic slowdown and reduced spending by consumers, the Boeing Corporation was beginning to experience loss in revenues and a decline in production. Not more than three months later, the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York impacted the demand for commercial aircraft because of fear to travel by airplane. Also, heavy competition with Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman, Boeing is not being awarded as many contracts with the United States military, which is causing a decline in revenues for the aerospace and military defense divisions. There are not many ways to overcome the entire problem, but there are some alternatives that the company can consider in order to reduce them. The alternatives are to distribute hours equally among the employees, reallocate employees into different divisions, offer severance pay, and to continue to layoff employees. Boeing has to be careful in the way that this particular situation is handled. If employees feel as though they are being treated unfair, they will not have job satisfaction and production may decrease. The best possible solution for the Boeing’s problem is to equally distribute the hours among the employees. By doing this employees will maintain their jobs. This will result in higher job satisfaction than other alternatives, and Boeing will not have to go through an extensive process to rehire when they return back to a stage of profitability. Boeing Problem Statement As Boeing faces one of the greatest financial crises in the history of the airline industry, Boeing plans to cut production workers, engineers and support staff by mid-2002 (Nyhan, September 2001). Because of a declining economy as well as terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11th, Boeing is laying off a total of 30,000 employees in all divisions of the corporation: aerospace, commercial aviation, and military defense. The layoffs will happen in Los Angeles, St. Louis, Seattle, Oklahoma, and the Puget Sound area, and will affect everyone from salaried executives to the hourly paid maintenance employees. Layoffs are a sign of company turmoil and should be avoided to maintain the company stockholders. Short and Long-Term Goals Boeing’s primary short-term objective is to maintain a reasonable level of profitability given the recent occurrences. It will attempt to accomplish this by reducing the amount of dollars that are paid to the current employees by either reducing their hours, or completely terminating their employment with the company. Because of current supply and demand of the company, profits will be reduced if the current level of employees is maintained. Boeing’s long-term objective is to be the number one supplier of commercial, aerospace, and military aircraft and technology. They aim to accomplish this by maintaining a level of profitability that satisfies the stockholders and corporate executives. They also want to maintain a high level of competition with the current competition: Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin. If Boeing loses government aerospace and military defense contracts to the competition, there is a high probability that the company will become insolvent and declare bankruptcy. Details of the Problem Prior to September 11th, Boeing was going through trying times. Their satellite manufacturing operations were in a recession. This was due to the bursting of the internet and telecom bubbles (Laing, 2002). The Commercial Airline Industry was also facing a slowdown. This was a result of high fuel prices, labor cost increases, a softening of the national economy and low passenger traffic (Smith, 2001). Also, improvements in production efficiency for Boeing led to a plan to decrease up to 15% of its employees in the commercial-aircraft business. This efficiency in production was due to the industry’s first ever-moving assembly line for the final phase of the production process, which cuts unneeded steps (Holmes, 2001). Likewise, by the end of 2001, Boeing lost out on the largest military contract ever when the Pentagon picked rival Lockheed Martin to build the Joint Strike Fighter for shared use by the Air Force, Navy and Marines. This next generation manned fighter is expected to flow more than $200 billion in revenues over the next 20 years (Laing, 2002). But most traumatic for Boeing were the terrorist attacks on September 11th. They transformed what had been shaping up as a mild downturn in commercial jet orders into a veritable collapse in demand (Laing, 2002). After the attacks, the need to fly drastically declined due to fear and security issues that made flying a nuisance. This left the US Airline Industry in a serious crisis. Companies such as Continental, US Airways, American, and Delta cut up to 20% of their capacity (Smith, 2001). Source: www.bloomber.com The terrorist attacks resulted in Boeing’s stock to plummet. Prior to September 11th, Boeing’s stock was falling because of the downturn in the economy. From the graph above, we can see that the attacks made the stock price to fall from $50 a share to $30. This was a sign that investors knew the impact the terrorist attacks had on Boeing’s industry. After September 11th, Boeing planned to respond to these problems by cutting production rates by 50 percent (Nyhan, November 2001). On September 18th, one week after the attacks, Boeing announced at a press conference that it would layoff up to 30,000 employees by the middle of 2002 (Smith, 2001). On that day, Boeing reduced the level of employees by 12,000: 3,000 through retirement and attrition, and 9,000 through layoffs (Farley, 2001). Boeing also stated that their jetliner orders would decrease drastically. In the next three years 80% of their 2001 orders would be delivered (Smith, 2002). They also planned to cut their monthly production of aircraft by half, from 48 to 24. The director of people at Boeing’s commercial airplane unit said, â€Å"In order to match our reduced production rate, we will need to accomplish the majority of the 20,000 to 30,000 reductions in 2002 employment by midyear†. Members of the Associated Press and Kiro 7 Eyewitness News stated, â€Å"Last week Boeing officials announced plans to layoff as many as 30,000 employees, mostly in the Puget Sound area, by the end of next year because of plummeting demand for new planes and postponed deliveries since the terrorist attacks.† Boeing’s commercial airplane division is not the only division that the layoffs will effect. Surprisingly 5,000 of the 30,000 layoffs are predicted to come from the military division. The military division cutbacks are also due to the September 11th attacks, but they are mainly due to global economic slowdown (Klein, 2001). This comes as a surprise because the military division is expected to grow in a time of war or terrorist attacks. Stockholders may assume that the government will request an increased level of production of fighter jets and military bombers so that the United States can dominate in the war against terrorism. In addition, the layoffs will not only affect the Boeing employees, but also people outside the company. As many as 20,000 of the Boeing layoffs may occur in the Seattle area alone, resulting in an additional 34,000 jobs lost by Boeing suppliers, subcontractors, and others (Klein, 2001). Alternatives Before Boeing implements any solutions they must maintain a good level of communication with their employees. The employees must know the reasons for a particular action taken by Boeing in order to avoid any mistrust and confusion (Hoffman, 2001). For example, an employee will wonder why layoffs are taking place when Phil Condit, Boeing’s CEO, is making an annual bonus of $1.13 million (Webber, 2002). Boeing must carefully explain their plans and what they are hoping to accomplish through their actions. Boeing can reduce the amount of layoffs by implementing any of the following solutions: Distribute Hours Among Employees The first solution for Boeing is to spread the hours among the employees for each department. Every department is given so many hours it can use for each week at the beginning of the quarter, depending on the amount of business Boeing has. If those hours taken and spread among the employees for each department, not as many layoffs will occur. The hours will be spread out by reducing the workweek from five days to four. By cutting one day out of an employee’s schedule Boeing is able to give those hours to another employee, which under the circumstances would be laid off. Once four employees each receive a deduction in their workweek one employee will be able to maintain their job and not be laid off. The advantage to this solution is that fewer employees will have to be laid-off. Employees will have their hours cut according to seniority. Some employees that have been with the company for a number of years will not be affected by the action. By holding onto the employees and not laying them off Boeing will be prepared to handle new contracts as they arise. Boeing is predicting that the recent decline in contracts is only short-term and business will soon return to their previous levels. The disadvantage to the solution is that some employees will not be able to afford a reduction in hours. In this scenario employees will not be satisfied and hold each other responsible for less hours. If employees are not satisfied then their production will decrease due to their dissatisfaction. Re-Allocate Employees The second solution for Boeing is to train employees in other departments within the company. This will allow Boeing to reallocate employees in different departments rather than laying them off. With the commercial airline department being hit the hardest by the recent terrorist events, employees in that department could transfer to other departments if they possessed the knowledge. The advantage in training employees outside their departments is the value it will add to the employee. If an employee has the knowledge and know how to be productive and efficient in other departments, not just his own, they become an instant asset to the company. Due to their flexibility Boeing can move the employee around in accordance with demand. A disadvantage to this solution is that Boeing will incur high costs for training employees to do other jobs. A slowdown in production will also result due to the time spent on training. The transition for an employee to move from one department to another is difficult because the employee will not be as efficient. Severance Pay Early retirement packages will be available to qualified employees. The retirement packages to be offered will vary depending on the number of years an employee has with the company. For each full year of service an employees has with the company, up to twenty-six years, they will receive one week of pay (Hoffman, 2001). The employee can take the severance pay in either a lump sum or as an income continuation. The single lump sum plan pays the severance pay to the person in one check within one month of leaving the company. The income continuation plan will pay the severance pay on the regular paydays every two weeks (Boeing, 2000). The advantage to this solution is each individual makes their own decision and they have total control of what they want to do. Also high salaries will be eliminated as management personnel take the package. Once management leaves, the ones that find early retirement appealing, Boeing will be able to promote employees into those positions without having to pay the large salaries. The disadvantage to this solution is that not many jobs will be saved because not many employees will go for the early retirement package. Boeing will also lose experienced managers if they decide to take the early retirement package. If this solution is implemented Boeing will continue to layoff employees because not enough jobs will be cut. Continue Layoffs The last solution is to continue to layoff employees as necessary. This will allow Boeing to keep revenues high because the layoffs will occur according to the market. If Boeing does not get as many contracts as they expected for a particular quarter, the layoffs will help the company’s finances. The disadvantage to this alternative is the potential of business picking backup. The market for commercial jetliners is expected to boom in two years and Boeing needs to be able to handle the new contracts. If Boeing has to constantly train new employees as business increases, in an effort compensate for the ones that were laid-off, they will not be operating at full efficiency. Solution Boeing realizes that layoffs can’t be completely eliminated, however they want to reduce layoffs to the lowest possible amount. Boeing will accomplish that by distributing the hours in each department among the employees. This solution will allow Boeing to save jobs by reducing the employee’s workweek from forty hours to thirty-two hours. The management of each department will determine the hours to be cut and the number of employees that are affected. This will be implemented on June 1, 2002 throughout all departments. Most employees will be affected by the reduction in hours, and management must be prepared to cope with the initial negative reaction. In order to measure the results of the solution, Boeing must evaluate the impact on its bottom line along with the toll it’s taking on their employees. An evaluation will occur every six months and will be lead by top executives and the department managers. Once evaluated, a decision will be made by the board of directors on whether or not to continue with the reduction of hours or to incorporate a different action. The thirty-two hour workweek is expected to be temporary as analysts are predicting a turn around in demand for planes (Holmes, 2001). As production returns to capacity, hours will be returned back to employees according to seniority.    Reference List Airlines slash workforces. (n.d.) retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.proquest.com . Airwise News. (2001, September 22). Majority of Boeing layoffs in aircraft sector. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com Associated Press Newswires. (2002, March). More Boeing layoff notices. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. A71327300 Associated Press Newswires. (2001, September). First Boeing layoffs set to take effect Dec. 14. Retrieved May 7, 2002, from www.seattleinsider.com/news/boeing.html Boeing Company. (2002). A Brief History. Retrieved April 8, 2002, from www.boeing.com/companyoffices/history/boeing/html. Boeing Company. (2002). Layoffs Benefits Plan. Retrieved May 7, 2002, from www.boeing.com/companyoffices/benefits/boeing/html. Carlton, D.R. (2002, January) Boeing bleak outlook. The Economist, 362 (8257), 58. Corliss, B. (2002, April). Boeing deliveries drop 10%. Retrieved May 7, 2002, from www.msnbc.com Farley, G. (2001, December). Union leaders file grievances. The Associated Press. Retrieved April 15, 2002, from www.king5.com/cgi-bin/gold.cgi Genna, C.A. (2002, April 19). More layoff notices to be issued at Boeing. Retrieved May 8, 2002, from www.latimes.com Gillie, J.F. (2001, November). Lost jobs in Puget Sound area. The News Tribune, Tacoma. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com Gillie, J.F. (2001, December). 1,700 new layoff notices today. The News Tribune, Tacoma. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. TCMA0135500 Global general aviation industry delivery breakdowns for jets. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2002, from http://rdswebl.rdsinc.com/texis/rds/suite.html. Hoffman, R. (2001, June 29). The Dynamics of Downsizing. Retrieved May 18, 2002, form www.hradvice.com Holmes, S.C. (2001, November 26). Aerospace industry downsizing. Business Week, (3759), 108-109 Klein, A. (2001, October 13). Boeing faces massive layoffs. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2002, from http://detnews.com/2001/business.html. Laing, J.R. (2002, April). Gaining Altitude: Corporate profiles. Barron’s, 82 (17), 21-25. Lloyd, M.K. (2001, December). Losing Altitude; Aviation. The Economist, 361 (8253), 81-83. More Boeing layoff notices going out. (n.d.) Retrieved April 26, 2002, from www.seattleinsider.com Nyhan, P.J. (2001, September). Boeing expects to layoff up to 10 percent in commercial division. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 10, 2002 from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. SEPI012700. Nyhan, P.J. (2002, February). Boeing lays off 1,000 local workers. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Nyhan, P.J. (2001, November). Majority of Boeing layoffs to hit by June. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com Schneider, R. (2001, December). Losing Altitude: aftershocks from September 11th. The Economist. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.infotrac.com. Article No. A81118376. Smith, B.A. (2002, January 21). Boeing continues its production cost focus. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 156 (3), 43-44. Smith, B.A. (2001, September 24). Boeing cuts delivery estimates, prepares for major layoffs. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 155 (13), 29-32. Song, K.M. (2001, December). Boeing layoff face challenge. The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. SETL0135600. Song, K.M. (2002, April). Effects from Boeing cutbacks felt. The Seattle Times. Retrieved May 18, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. SETL0211100. Standaert, J. (2002, January). Boeing trims 2,300 more jobs. The News Tribune, Tacoma. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from www.dowjonesinteractive.com. Article No. TCMA0201900. Thomas, G.D. (2002, April). Tough times ahead. Air Transport World, 39, (4), 31-33. Webber, J.P. (2002, April 19). Boeing hurt by slowdown. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 8, 2002, from www.latimes.com

The concept of capital market The WritePass Journal

The concept of capital market 1. Introduction The concept of capital market 1. IntroductionFind mat on b. Finace and adaptive1.1   A Historical Overview of Capital Market Efficiency1.2 AIMS AND OBJETIVES1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDYRelated 1. Introduction The concept of capital market efficiency can be said to be a research topic that has bring a lot  of arguments and suggestions on the field of finance as a course of study. As such, it would  only be expected that the wider implications of market efficiency would also be just as far-reaching. Therefore, the justifications for this research undertaking may be considered to be a great task  and as a result, capital market efficiency as an area of finance requires a rigorous work for  scholars and as well for managers of an organization. The first time the term â€Å"efficient market â€Å"was in a 1965 paper by E. F Fama who said that in an efficient market, on the average, competition will cause the full effects of new information on intrinsic values to be reflected â€Å"instantaneously† in actual price.The efficient market hypothesis asserts that none of the techniques used by fund managers ( i.e. forecasting, valuation techniques ) can outperform the market. Arguably, no other theory in economics or finance generates more passionate discussion between its challengers and proponents. For example, Harvard Financial Economist Michael Jensen writes â€Å"there is no other proposition in economics which has more solid empirical evidence supporting it than efficient market hypothesis†. While investment maven Peter Lynch claims â€Å"efficient markets? That’s a brunch of junk, crazy stuff† (Fortune, April 1995). The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) suggests that profiting from predicting price movements is very difficult and unlikely. The main engine behind price changes is the arrival  of new information. Consequently, there is no reason to believe that prices are too high or too  low. Security prices adjust before an investor has time to trade on and profit from a new a  piece of information. The key reason for the existence of an efficient market is the intense competition among  investors to profit from any new information. The ability to identify over- and underpriced  stocks is very valuable (it would allow investors to buy some stocks for less than their â€Å"true†Ã‚  value and sell others for more than they were worth). Consequently, many people spend a  significant amount of time and resources in an effort to detect priced stocks. Naturally, as  more and more analysts compete against each other in their effort to take advantage of over-  and under-valued securities, the likelihood of being able to find and exploit such mis-priced  securities becomes smaller and smaller.   In equilibrium, only a relatively small number of analysts will be able to profit from the detection of mis-priced securities, mostly by chance. For the vast majority of investors, the information analysis payoff would likely not outweigh the transaction costs. The Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) over this period, has witnessed widespread recognition and has found its place amongst various scholars and researchers of finance and  economics. The empirical observations of Kendall (1953) thus came to be known as the random walk  model or in some instances the random walk theory (ibid). However, this theory suggests  that the share price at any one time reflects all available information, and will only change if  new information arises. In this way, unpredictable news hitting the market causes share prices  to fluctuate in a random and unpredictable manner. The Kendall observation is based on the fact that the market is irrational world and that the  price of stock has a rampant walk. However, as Bodie et al (2001: 268) point out, in a reversal of opinion, economists concluded that the unpredictable behaviour of stock prices actually indicated an efficient market by the very virtue of such unpredictability. Although Kendall (1953) is refer to as the father of the random walk theory, however, the  actual concept of market efficiency, and indeed a random walk theory, had already been  tested as many years ago as the year 1900 (Dobbins et al, 1994: 70). This was in fact the  result of a doctoral thesis in mathematics written by the French economist Louis Bachelier  (1900). He argues that the price of a commodity today is the best estimate of its price in the  future, and therefore commodity speculation is a fair game in which there are no winners,  and wherein prices tend to follow a random walk (Pilbeam, 2005: 250-51). Subsequently, as suggested   by   Dimson and Mussavian (1998: 93), the 1960s marked a  transition for research concerning the unpredictable nature of stock market prices. Leading on  from the findings of Samuelson (1965) and Roberts (1967), Fama (1970) summarise   a comprehensive review of the random walk literature, and proposed the idea of an informationally efficient market wherein prices always fully reflect available information  (Fama, 1970: 383). Thus, the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) was introduce into the  theory of efficient market. This theory supported the random walk theory and also created a  theoretical framework in which economists could perceive the unpredictable nature of stock  market prices. More recently, Yen and Lee (2008) provide a chronological review of empirical evidence on  the Efficient Market Hypothesis over the last five decades. Their survey clearly demonstrates  that the Efficient Market Hypothesis no longer enjoys the level of strong support it received  during the golden era of the 1960s, but instead has come under relentless attack from the school of behavioural finance in the 1990s.  Besides the above broad review, there are other survey papers with a specific theme, for instance,  Fama (1998) surveys the empirical work on event studies, with a focus on those papers reporting long-term return anomalies of under- and over-reactions to information;  Malkiel (2003) and Schwert (2003) scrutinize those studies reporting evidence of statistically  significant predictable patterns in stock returns;  Park and Irwin (2007) review the evidence on the profitability of technical trading rules in a  variety of speculative markets, including 66 stock market papers published over the period from 1960 to 2004. The Efficient Market Hypothesis has over the years been accepted by various scholars since  its inception nearly forty years ago; however, in more recent times the Efficient Market   Hypothesis has come under criticism, and as a result has been apparently undermined by the  emergence of a new introduction to finance thought which is known as Behavioural Finance.  The recent discussion published in Malkiel et al. (2005) clearly indicates that there is no sign  of compromise between proponents of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and advocates of  behavioural finance. Lo (2004) notes that useful insights can be gained from the biological perspective and calls for an evolutionary alternative to market efficiency. In particular, he proposes the new paradigm of Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH) in which the Efficient Market Hypothesis can co-exist alongside behavioural finance in an intellectually consistent manner. In this new hypothesis, market efficiency is not an all-or-none condition but is a characteristic that varies continuously over time and across markets. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a systematic review on the empirical literature of evolving weak-form stock market efficiency, which is consistent with the prediction of Adaptive Markets Hypothesis. Find mat on b. Finace and adaptive The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 47.7 Trillion as January, 2010. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. Stocks can be defined as a collection of shares in a company. Therefore, a stock market is a place where buyers and sellers of stock meet to transact business. It is a place where exchange of shares takes place. Basically, there are two types of stock markets: Primary Market Secondary Market The primary market is the market of first sale where companies first sell their shares to the public. It is used by companies who are coming to the exchange for the first time to raise finance. The secondary market on the other hand is a market where existing or already issued securities are traded. The activities in the secondary market are usually carried out on the floors of the Stock Exchange where investors and sellers of securities meet to consummate deals through the stock brokers who are the dealing member of the exchange. The stock market is often influenced by the availability of information on the various securities traded on the stock exchange. The price of stock’s moves up and down reflecting the mood of the market, the price of stock move only when there is information in the market. The concept of an efficient market is a special application where the market price is an unbiased estimate of the true value of the investment. 1.1   A Historical Overview of Capital Market Efficiency During the 1950s the advancement of information technology gave rise to a new founded  power to analyse economic time series using various computer applications; unsurprisingly  much to the fortuity of economists and business theorists alike. It was widely believed among such a community of scholars that tracing the evolution of several economic variables over  time would clarify and predict the progress of the economy through boom and bust periods  (Bodie et al, 2001: 268). A viable candidate for such experimental analyses at the time was the behavioural pattern of stock market prices over a certain time period, which, it was hoped, could be used as an indicator of economic performance (ibid). Subsequently, an undertaking of such an analytical study was conducted by Maurice Kendall (1953) who attempted to find recurring patterns in 22 UK security and commodity price indices.   He unearthed results that were to open up a whole new dimension to the theory  behind the behaviour of stock market prices. Hence, contrary to the then prevalent views  among economists, he found that there appeared to be no identifiable pattern between stock  price fluctuations, in that they seemed to move in an erratic fashion. He therefore concluded  that stock prices appeared to follow a random walk (Dobbins et al, 1994: 71). The empirical observations of Kendall (1953) thus came to be known as the random walk  model or in some instances the random walk theory (ibid). In short, this theory suggests that  the share price at any one time reflects all available information, and will only change if new  information arises. In this way, unpredictable news hitting the market causes share prices to  fluctuate in a random and unpredictable manner. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJETIVES The aims and objectives of the study is to discuss how efficient is the stock market with particular reference to London Stock Exchange. To establish that there exist a concept of the efficiency of the stock market which implies that at any point of time the prices of securities react to all the market information positively   or negatively depending on the nature of the information. To review all available literature on efficient market hypothesis and compile a report. To make a report on the stock market anomalies that seems to contradict the efficient market hypothesis. To determine the effect of insider abuse on the efficient of the stock market. To present a comprehensive and critical analysis of the efficient of the stock market. To arrive at a conclusion base on the report gathered on the efficient market hypothesis, insider abuse, stock market anomalies and other factors affecting stock market efficiency. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY To achieve the objectives outlined, scope of the study and report undertaken by this dissertation extend to the following areas for an extensive research and analysis: The study will focus on the types, needs and level of stock market efficiency. The study extends to the analysis of the stock market operations and the relative  effect of market information on the buying and selling of the securities. The study will also examine issue of insider trading and the effect of such insider  trading on the stock market efficiency While detailing the anomalies of the stock market the report envisages to bring  out the effect of those anomalies on the efficiency of the stock market 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY To present a comprehensive and coherent report, this dissertation adopts the following structure: Chapter 1: Introduction, provides a brief description on the stock market efficiency Chapter 2: Literature Review, this represent the body of the text covers a detailed review of the available literature on the stock market efficiency. This section will attempt to present a review of the academic works relating to the research topic. Chapter 3: This chapter is where the research methods to be used are developed and it will demonstrate the research methodology that has been used to carry out this study. ChÐ °Ã'€tÐ µr Four: This sÐ µÃ' tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'€rÐ ¾vÃ'â€"dÐ µs the main Ã' Ã °sÐ µ study of the research, the general overview of London stock exchange. Chapter Five: This chapter discusses the data collection and findings, the interviews and questionnaires taken from stakeholders- investment analyst, pension fund managers, brokers and investors in the stock market. ThÐ µÃ'â€"r vÃ'â€"Ð µw Ð °nd Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ð °bÐ ¾ut stock market efficiency.

The Problem of Drug Abuse Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Problem of Drug Abuse - Term Paper Example Among the most rampant type of illegal drugs proliferated on the streets is cocaine. Cocaine is described as a potent drug that primarily stimulates the brain and causes intense addiction. The two forms include hydrochloride salt and freebase which can be taken intravenously or through snorting. The type which can be smoked is what is referred to on the streets as crack. Its mixture of alcohol is among the most common causes of substance-related deaths (Medline Plus, 2009). The current upsurge of the number of people using cocaine had increased severely over the past years. No longer is it concentrated on the streets and on urban jungles but had reached the suburbs and its inhibitors. They range from nondescript suburban teenagers to other members of the household. The study titled, â€Å"Patients’ Perspective on the Process of Change in Substance Abuse Treatment† conducted in 1995 is included among the researchers funded by NIDA. The bearing of the study is that it focuses on the perspective of the patients and their own opinion of their recovery and the process of change they will have to undertake. This is a different approach as we are often more focused on the treatment itself and the estimation that they should quit right away or go cold turkey. This is perhaps one of the root causes why many patients relapse as there are loopholes in the popular withdrawal programs as implemented. Preconceived notions of the welfare of the patients place a barrier that could properly lead to their overall welfare. The study proves to be timely as the current figures of cocaine users have increased and there is much need to address this appropriately for a long-term commitment to keeping users clean and understanding their views.

The Greatest Challenges for a Reconstructed Intelligence Community Essay

The Greatest Challenges for a Reconstructed Intelligence Community - Essay Example Furthermore, it is obvious that intelligence agencies and services are one of the most reliable factors of the inner and foreign stability of a state. So, there are a lot of greatest challenges facing the U.S. intelligence community in the years to come. This paper will discuss the greatest challenges facing different U.S. intelligence services in our days. The paper will cover the challenges of such important American intelligence agencies as FBI, CIA, DIA, NSA, DNI, State Dept Intelligence, NRO and the military services. This list is not all-inclusive, but these are the most important intelligence agencies of the state which play great role in the state and the nation security providing, and the challenges facing them reflect the full range of challenges facing all the intelligence community of the United States. 2. There are some global challenges facing all democratic states and consequently their intelligence communities in the 21st century. "The threat to the United States that the Intelligence Community must mitigate takes several forms. ... These problems are common for most countries, as well as for the United States. These global world problems facing the world are being transformed into the global greatest challenges facing the U.S. intelligence community in the years to come. How can these common challenges affect the planning and activity of the various members of the intelligence community in the United States The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) is one of the most important investigation services in the U.S. One of the challenges facing the organization today is connected with the antiterrorist coalition operations in Iraq. "The FBI is facing one of the most dangerous, difficult challenges in its history as agents and analysts try to solve a string of deadly bombings in Iraq" (2). There are about 300 FBI agents in Iraq who investigate numerous cases of terrorist bombing attacks and help to find suspects in these terrible actions. The challenge is connected with the difficulty to investigate such cases and large number of them: "The FBI is involved in about a dozen bombing investigations in Iraq, focusing on those that involve civilian or government targets rather than attacks directly on U.S. or coalition military forces" (2). The FBI agents sometimes risk their lives to follow their duty in different countries. There are some troubles facing the FBI in Iraq, Bali, Saudi Arabia and other countries: "In a telling sign of the peril, FBI agents must be accompanied by American troops whenever they leave their secure compound at the Baghdad airport. Further complicating their job is the lack of a cooperating foreign government to help them and the paucity of high-quality intelligence from either informants or