Socialization In Developing Patterns Of Deviance Social Work Essay

Socialization In Developing Patterns Of Deviance Social Work Essay Primary socialization could be more important than secondary socialization as the primary socialization phase is the basic step that an individual takes to enter into society. Socialization has been described as to render social or make someone able to live in society and learn the social norms and customs. Socialization is central to the functioning of any society and is also central to the emergence of modernity. Socialization tends to serve two major functions of preparing an individual to play and develop roles, habits, beliefs and values and evoke appropriate patterns of emotional, social and physical responses helping to communicate contents of culture and its persistence and continuity (Chinoy, 1961). However social rules and social systems should be integrated with the individuals own social experiences. However individual social experiences have become much less important in the study of socialization as the focus is now on identifying functions of institutions and systems in socialization and cultural changes. Socialization is especially true in family and education and has been seen in many family forms and differences in gender roles, in cultural diversity and in occupational standards. However it is important to note the relationship between ethics, norms, values, roles in socialization. Socialization is the means through which social and cultural continuity is attained however socialization itself may not lead to desirable consequences although it is a process and meant to have an impact on all aspects of society and the individual (Chinoy, 1961). Socialization provides partial explanation for the human condition as also the beliefs and behaviour of society although the role of environment may also be significant in any process of socialization (Johnson, 1961). Both socialization and biology could have an impact on how people are shaped by the environment and their genes and behavioural outcomes are also significantly different as the capacity for learning changes throughout a lifetime. Socialization could have many agents such as the family, friends and school, religious institutions and peer groups as also the mass media and work place colleagues. The family establishes basic attitudes whereas schools build ethics and values, religious institutions affect our belief systems and peer groups help in sharing social traits. Socialization is usually seen as a life process and a continued interaction will all agents of society in a manner that is most beneficial to individuals. Socialization could be primary which occurs in a child as the child learns attitudes, values, actions as members of particular societies and cultures. If a child experiences racist attitudes in the family, this could have an effect on the childs attitudes towards minorities and other races. Primary socialization is the first and basic step towards interactions with the outside world and the family is the first agent in primary socialization as the family introduces a child to the world outside, to its beliefs, customs, norms and helps the child in adapting to the new environment (Clausen, 1968). Secondary socialization happens when a child moves out of family and learn how to behave within a small community or social group and teenagers or adolescents are largely influenced by secondary socialization as they may enter a new school. Entering a new profession is also secondary socialization of adults and whereas primary socialization is more generalized, secondary socialization is adap ting to specific environments. Primary socialization happens early in life and is the first socialization in children and adolescents when new attitudes and ideas develop for social interaction. Secondary socialization refers to socialization that takes place through ones life and can occur in children as well as in older adults as it means adapting to new situations and dealing with new encounters (White, 1977). There are other types of socialization such as developmental socialization and anticipatory socialization. Developmental socialization is about developing social skills and learning behaviour within a social institution and anticipatory socialization is about understanding and predicting future situations and relationships and developing social responses or skills to these situations. Re-socialization is another process of socialization in which former behavioural patterns are discarded to learn new values and norms. This could be a new gender role if there is a condition of sex change. Socialization is a fundamental sociological concept and the elements of socialization are generally agreed upon as having specific goals such as impulse control and cultivating new roles, cultivation of meaning sources. Socialization is the process that helps in social functioning and is often considered as culturally relative as people from different cultures socialize differently (White, 1977). Since socialization is an adoption of culture, the process of socialization is different for every culture. Socialization has been described as both a process and an outcome. It has been argued that the core identity of an individual and the basic life beliefs and attitudes develop during primary socialization and the more specific changes through secondary socialization occurs in different structured social situations. Life socialization, especially through social situations as in secondary socialization, the need for later life situations highlights the complexity of society and increase i n varied roles and responsibilities. However there could be several differences between primary and secondary socialization as Mortimer and Simmons (1978) showed how these two types of socialization differ. Content, context and response are the three ways in which the differences between primary and secondary socialization could be explained. In childhood socialization involves regulation of biological drives and impulse control which is later replaced by self image and values in adolescence. In adulthood socialization is more about specific norms and behaviors and relates to work roles and personality traits development. Context or the environment in socialization is also important as the person who is socialized seeks to learn within the context of family and school or peer groups. Relationships are also emotional and socialization also takes place as an individual takes the adult role. Formal and informal relationships tend to differ according to situational context and in some cases contexts tend to affect the emotional nature of relationships. As far as responding to situations is concerned, children and adolescents could be more easily moulded than adults as adult socialization is more voluntary and adults could manipulate their own responses considerably. Socialization involves contacts with multiple groups in different contexts and interactions at various levels. Socialization is a social process and in the process of socialization, parents, friends, schools, co workers, family members tend to play a major role (Chinoy, 1961). However socialization could have its positive or negative impact as seen in broad and narrow socialization process as in broad socialization, individualism, and self expression are important whereas in case of narrow socialization conformity is more important. This differentiation was provided by Arnett (1995) who suggested that socialization could result in both broad and narrow social interaction process as broad socialization helps in expansion and narrow socialization is more about conformity and according to Arnett, socialization could be broad or narrow within the socialization forces of friends, family, school, peer group, co workers etc. Socialization type could vary across cultures as in America for instance there is an increased emphasis on individualism whereas in many Asian countries as in India or Japan socialization could be about conformity to religious or social norms (Arnett, 1995). However primary socialization could be more significant than secondary socialization as primary socialization is about forming a basic attitude towards people and society and this in turn helps in shaping the identity of individuals as a child. Primary socialization is social learning process in childhood whereas secondary socialization is social learning in adulthood or social learning added to already existing basic learning process so secondary socialization is about added learning and in some cases substitute learning where changes in the socialization process takes place due to new environments such as change of workplace or entering new work environments or new schools (Johnson, 1961). Primary socialization is more basic as in primary socialization the child learns the very first social responses and develops the first social beliefs and attitudes. Based on primary socialization process, secondary socialization is about using the primary socially learned responses to adapt them to new environments through secondary socialization. Since primary socialization occurs in childhood and in the childs immediate environment as through home or family, it is more significant and has a greater impact on the childs attitudes and beliefs as well as social and emotional development. Primary socialization could be said to have a direct impact on the child and shapes the future of the child and how he grows up with certain beliefs as in case of children who see racial hatred in the family is more prone to develop their own hatred towards other races as a result of direct conditioning in the family environment. In fact the young people in later years are peculiarly shaped by what t hey learnt and experienced in childhood and how they were conditioned to react to situations and people and thus primary socialization is of greater significance in later years than secondary socialization (Clausen, 1968). Within this context, families and schools are of prime importance and are considered as the first agents that implement the processes of social control. Youth crime and anti social behavior could be explained with the aid of direct primary socialization as what the individual learns at home is of major importance and shapes his later life and could also explain any kind of deviance (Pitts, 2001). Young people enter crime possibly through racial hatred or lack of social inclusion and these attitudes such as against other races are formed in childhood or adolescence and the child usually learns from the family members, school peers and direct social environment (Muncie, 2004). Social inclusion is one of the major issues of socialization as emphasized by the government as minority communities and individuals from different races and religions may feel excluded and this exclusion leads to a sense of frustration and crime among the youth of the excluded groups (McAuley, 2007). In order to overcome this sense of exclusion, minority groups and especially the young people of minority groups have been given special support through various social services of inclusion and inclusion is also part of the socialization process and could be considered as secondary as individuals go through social inclusion adaptive processes and behavior after they have been already brought up and undergone primary socialization in their family homes or schools that were not too conducive to inclusion. In fact the making of responsible citizens include adaptive processes at home, family and school, work or general community and the young people develop knowledge of cultures at home and in the community and also endorse their own subcultures of social attitudes and behavior that are influenced by primary rather than secondary socialization (Hall and Jefferson, 1976). Considering that primary socialization and what we learn from the immediate environment in childhood is more important than secondary socialization and what we learn at the workplace or in new environments, primary socialization still remains the basic socialization process and secondary socialization only implies a change or an addition to what has been already learnt in childhood.

Every culture has a different set of traits and habits

I agree with the first part of the article. Every culture has a different set of traits and habits. The norms which are considered common in one culture may be considered in-appropriate in other culture. For example in Western culture it’s normal to use credit card or open up personal information to vendors; which is not workable in Eastern societies that includes not only Egypt but India as well. The reason for such cultural attitude is the way business is done. In Eastern it is rare for two individual to do business to trust someone unless they know each other for some time.Thus the idea of pure business relation seems odd in East which is a normal thing in West. The reason for such cultural attitude is the status of economies in the East and West. The third world countries have under developed economies; and these societies are mix of socialistic and capitalist systems. And business is normally done in traditional ways long forgotten in the West. It’s natural in such environment to have lack of trust in e-commerce environment. Creating information societies where people are made aware of internet and the power of e-commerce would be one step in this directionThere may be come some improvement by opening up information; however cultural traits cannot be solved only by making information available. Cultural habits are developed over the course of centuries that will not wither away simply by informing people about internet. The Western societies have been developed through many centuries; which cannot take place over night in the east. In order to develop e-commerce environment; countries like Egypt need to invest in many areas; such as infrastructure, education and more importantly to develop consumer based economy.People in Egypt (and countries like Egypt) are under paid; wealth is very scarce to produce. In such environment people trust only those; whom they know personally, rather than trusting someone online which they have never met or seen . It would take lot of effort by developing countries to work on their economies making them more market oriented and create businesses and opportunities; only then it would be possible to change cultural habits.

Manual vs. Automated Statistical Process Control Food...

Israel Ortega-Ramos The Prime Example Our recent visit to a food packaging plant in New Jersey highlighted the inconsistent results of statistical process control routinely faced by Quality Control Managers. Product weight readings were taken from the manufacturing floor, entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed. The results produced no predictable under or over filling trend despite the fact that the same people used the same scales at the same time of day. The problem is simple and fundamental. Human error is an inevitable part of the process of collecting statistical data. This is consistently overlooked in companies that utilize manual SPC[1] (statistical process control) for their manufactured goods. To ensure the†¦show more content†¦The scale will then calculate the statistical data after the last product is placed on the scale and store this data in a password-protected memory for collection by the Quality Manager. This statistical data can then be sent wirelessly to a spreadsheet, printed on a label to accompany the sampled product, or simply viewed on the scale interface. The flow diagram below shows the improved SPC process. Companies can also utilize various connectivity and software options that can integrate filling machines to automated SPC scale systems. This means that fill volumes based on trends calculated by the scale can be adjusted via an automated system. Quality Control Managers and Plant Managers can also connect all the SPC scale systems in a factory via a central control computer that will provide easy access to â€Å"real-time† data. Integrating an automated SPC Scale System into a manufacturing environment will have the following advantages over the older manual SPC systems: Upgrading outdated manual SPC processes is the first step to improve overall quality, efficiency, and trace ability. This can be accomplished with as little as $5,000 in capital investment. Quality Control Managers and Plant managers have to take a hard look at how their product samples are being weighed and how these measurements are turned into results that can improve production line efficiency. 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Can Hunting Help Save Endangered Species

Since there are no clear-cut solutions when it comes to saving endangered species, the concept of conservation is subject to interpretation. Of course, unconventional approaches are often met with criticism, and controversy ensues. Case in point: the use of hunting as a tool for protecting endangered species from extinction. Sounds counterintuitive, right? Lets explore both sides of the argument so that you can decide which side of this divisive management scheme makes sense to you. Shoot to Save? The idea is simple: put a price on a rare species head, and let hunters foot the bill for managing and sustaining the population. In theory, the practice of trophy hunting provides incentives for governments to protect animals from unrestrained poaching and preserve habitat to support the quarry. As with any commodity, rarity seems to increase value. The same can be said for endangered species. On a broad scale, most people appreciate the beauty and fascination of a rare creature, and they feel concern about its impending disappearance from the earth. In the particular case of trophy hunters, the acquisition of a rare animals head (or some such token) is worth a great deal of money. Its a basic principle of business. A diminishing supply augments demand, and suddenly a dwindling species is deemed financially desirable. Empathy for individual animals is not part of the equation, but the risk of extinction may drop with every dollar tagged to a species hide. Arguments in Favor of Hunting According to Dr. Rolf D. Baldus, President of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation Tropical Game Commission, Total protection of wildlife and hunting bans often achieve the opposite, as they remove the economic value of wildlife, and something without value is defenselessly doomed to decline and in final consequence to extinction. Dr. Baldus claim is supported by Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Namibias Minister of Environment and Tourism who has been instrumental in conserving Namibias wildlife through hunting tourism. Ms. Nandi-Ndaitwah boasts that Namibian wildlife has more than tripled in recent years, as hunting tourism encourages landowners to promote game on their farms and ranches, where many species were once considered a nuisance. Rural communities have also created conservancies through which proactive wildlife management helps support their livelihoods. In turn, game species are returning to areas where they had long been extirpated. The CIC is very concerned about the present effort of a coalition of anti-hunting and animal rights groups to list the African lion under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, reports Sports Afield. All large cats, which have been formally protected for decades are indeed more and more endangered: the tiger, the snow leopard, and the jaguar. In Kenya, the lion has not been legally hunted for over 30 years and during that period, the lion population size has crashed to roughly about 10 percent of the neighboring Tanzanian lion population, which has been hunted all along the same period. Bans clearly not only do not work  but accelerate the extinction of species. Its a complicated argument, admits Giraffe Conservation Foundation founder Dr. Julian Fennessey. There are lots of factors. The loss of habitat and breaking up of populations by man-made constructions are the main factors threatening their numbers. In the countries where you can hunt legally, the populations are increasing but across Africa, the overall numbers are dropping alarmingly. Arguments Against Hunting Scientists who are studying the sustainability of hunting endangered species have proven that trophy hunters attribute a higher value to rare species. Upgrading the IUCN status of various African wildlife species has been linked to an increase in trophy prices, and it has been argued that this demand for rarity could lead to increased exploitation of animals already poised for extinction. In response to a recent scholarly article in Nature suggesting a market approach to saving the whales, Patrick Ramage of the International Fund for Animal Welfare argued that breathing new life and economic value into this [whaling] is a breathtakingly dumb idea. Phil Kline of Greenpeace echoed Ramages concern. It would be safe to assume illegal whaling would flourish if a legal whaling trade was set up. According to Zoe, a website created by Michael Mountain of Best Friends Animal Society, hunting as a conservation strategy is completely at odds with current thinking about who other animals are and how we should treat them. The great danger of a scheme like this is that it actively legitimizes something that is fundamentally wrong rather than stopping it. Leaning on economic evidence rather than pure sentiment, the League Against Cruel Sports cites a 2004 study by the University of Port Elizabeth which estimated that eco-tourism on private game reserves generated more than 15 times the income of livestock or game-rearing or overseas hunting.